Walmart in Germany: When Scale Isn’t Enough
In the late 1990s, Walmart charged into Germany. Local grocers shrugged, unions sharpened their knives, and by 2006 the world’s largest retailer packed up, with $1B+ in cumulative losses. How could the company that conquered America get crushed abroad—even with unlimited firepower?
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Amazon in China: When Even the Best Need to Walk Away
Amazon’s global playbook has rewritten markets from Seattle to São Paulo. But in China—a $1 trillion e-commerce battlefield—it spent 15+ years losing ground. In 2019, Amazon finally shuttered its Chinese marketplace, conceding defeat to local champions Alibaba and JD.com. What really happened? And how can founders spot the signs before it’s too late to pivot or exit?
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